How can we clean up plastic pollution in the Ocean? 

Why do beach cleans actually work: Explained. 

An army of passionate people take to the beach, litter pickers in hand. Sea spray in their hair and sand under their nails, they comb the beach. Their bags fill with cigarette butts, plastic bottles and crisp wrappers. Spirits are high, notable pieces of rubbish are held up with announcement.  

As the sun sets, the beach seems lighter, relieved of the weight of rubbish. The cleaners look over the coast with proud eyes at a job well done.  

But as the night draws in, so does the tide. When the sun rises again, it unveils a plastic-laden beach once more. The Ocean has coughed up some of its burdens.  

What is the point in beach cleans? Are we rearranging deck chairs on the Titanic or do they actually help combat Ocean pollution? 

How bad is the Ocean plastic problem? 

Ocean plastic is increasing. Many scientists have done deep dives into the science of knowing how much. While it’s challenging to measure exactly how much plastic is in the Ocean, we know that as plastic production increases, so does plastic pollution in the Ocean.  

There aren’t great islands of plastic floating in the Ocean (even the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a myth). But we are creating a plastic soup. Microplastics fill the Ocean, with some ‘croutons’ of bigger floating plastic.  

This plastic can kill wildlife, carry toxins and enter the food chain — all the way up to us. 

It’s obvious: we all want less plastic in the Ocean. The question is how to achieve that.  

What impact do beach cleans actually have?  

A beach clean is more than just a fun day out. They do a whole load of good. 

Firstly, they are good for us. Beach cleans (and most coastal activities) have been associated with positive mood and improving our understanding of the Ocean.  Combine a beach cleanup with some rock pooling and that’s a brilliant afternoon. Imagine all the things you can find! We feel better cleaning our beaches.  

Beach cleans are a chance for people to come together and make a tangible contribution. They act as displays, raising awareness for our pollution problem and encouraging more engagement. A snowball effect. 

Beach cleans provide immediate benefit to the natural world too. Removing plastic from the beach takes away its threats straight away, and removes the future threats as well.  

Plastic on the beach is exposed to the stresses and strains of the Ocean. Waves breaking, rubbing against the sand and rocks, the sun beating down. All these break up the plastic into smaller micro- and nano-plastics. Removing it before that stage is a lot easier. 

Our understanding of the journey of plastic waste is evolving. Recent studies suggest that the vast majority (88% is the quoted figure) of plastic in the Ocean remains floating close to shore. This means our beaches take the brunt of the plastic problem. But that also means it’s accessible: We can remove the majority of the problem with ease and stop it getting worse.  

Beach cleans treat the symptoms without addressing the illness. 

Beach cleans are not the whole answer. You can’t keep bailing a sinking boat out and expect to float, until you bung the hole. A beach clean treats the symptoms without addressing the illness.  

We need more than litter-pickers.  

What are the other allies in the battle against Ocean plastic? 

The closer to source of plastic pollution we can get, the better. Try filling a glass from someone pouring three stories above you – a lot more water gets spilled compared to just filling from the tap.  

Single use plastic bans have shown to be effective in reducing litter. Increasing the responsibility of plastic producers for the end of their products lives would motivate innovation and stop plastic becoming litter at all. A circular economy would prevent the demand for oil to produce more and reduce the amount of plastic that becomes rubbish.  

As consumers, we also need to rethink how we use plastic.  

How can we change our relationship with plastic?  

Moving away from a single-use plastic world is, honestly, going to be tricky. We live in a world where convenience is king. Single-use plastic is very convenient. But there are solutions already working. 

Deposit return schemes have proved to be highly effective in increasing the collection rates of plastic bottles. When you buy a drink in a plastic bottle, for example, a small extra fee is paid, which is returned when the bottle is returned. For one scheme, 94% of bottles were returned compared to 47% without a scheme.  

Nearly every major manufacturer (98%) now has commitments to reduce plastic packaging. Whether this represents genuine change or sophisticated greenwashing remains to be seen, but consumer pressure and regulatory requirements are making plastic reduction a business imperative rather than a nice-to-have. 

The challenge lies in balancing reduction with practicality. Sometimes plastic packaging actually reduces overall environmental impact compared to heavier alternatives – it’s the end-of-life management that needs sorting. 

The uncomfortable reality of waste management

Here’s the uncomfortable truth: much of Ocean plastic pollution originates from countries with limited waste management systems. Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, averages 44% waste collection rates compared to 98% in high-income countries. It’s rather difficult to recycle rubbish that’s never collected in the first place. 

We can’t simply take Western waste management systems and apply them exactly as they are in other countries. Locally managed, decentralised circular economy models – using local resources and creating local markets for recycled materials – show more promise than imposing one-size-fits-all solutions. 

Is making plastic expensive a solution to pollution? 

Governments wield powerful economic tools: taxes on single-use plastics, subsidies for recycling infrastructure, and extended producer responsibility schemes that make manufacturers pay for their products’ end-of-life management.  

When virgin plastic (new plastic) becomes expensive and alternatives become cheap, behaviour changes remarkably quickly. But it has to be done without disadvantaging those that don’t have access to a cheap alternative.  

So, back to the original question: Do beach cleans work? 

Yes. But they won’t stop the problem long term. Beach cleans deliver value beyond plastic removal. They’re powerful data collection exercises, providing crucial information about debris types and sources that inform policy decisions.  

Beach cleanups are also remarkably effective educational tools – nothing quite drives home the scale of plastic pollution like spending a Saturday morning filling bin bags with bottle caps. 

Perhaps most importantly, recent research from Norway found that removing larger plastic items from coastlines led to a 99.5% reduction in microplastics both on land and in water within a year. That’s a genuinely impressive result that suggests beach cleans have more direct environmental impact than critics assumed. 

“Removing plastic from the environment before it enters an active degradation phase, into microplastics, will reduce the formation of microplastics in the environment. The decrease of microplastic was over 99% in the water volumes we found on land. When we looked at seawater, the microplastics leaking into the sea was reduced by 99.9%,” – Gunhild Bødtker, senior researcher at Norce 

What’s the most effective strategy to deal with plastic pollution? 

The most effective strategy combines both approaches: upstream prevention (stopping plastic from becoming waste) and downstream management (dealing with what’s already out there). Think of it as both turning off the tap and mopping up the flood. 

Beach cleans work best when they inspire participants to tackle root causes – supporting deposit return schemes, choosing refillable alternatives, and pressuring companies to reduce packaging.  

The real measure of a successful beach clean isn’t just the bags of rubbish collected, but the number of people who leave determined to prevent that rubbish from appearing in the first place. 

What should you do next to help tackle plastic pollution?  

So beach cleans won’t solve the problem. The good news is that effective solutions exist. The challenge is implementation at the scale and speed the problem demands. 

Join a beach clean, but don’t stop there. Support businesses with genuine circular economy commitments, lobby for deposit return schemes, and remember that every purchase is a vote for the kind of world you want to live in. 

The Ocean doesn’t care about our good intentions. It needs systemic change, and that requires all of us to think beyond the beach. All our jobs can be beach.